Additional chat-related features and issues within Microsoft Teams for business
I had this issue until I installed the latest webview2 runtime installer (using the evergreen standalone installer). https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/webview2#download-section
Teams uses WebView2 and my guess is that if you installed an older version teams would try to use this version - but if you had never installed it before it would install the latest for you.
About 6-7 of my colleagues had the same issue, and after installing the evergreen webview2 runtime on each affected machine they all work normally now.