Dear Thomas,
Hello! Welcome to the Microsoft Community. I'm glad to be able to help you. If I don't understand your question, please let me know immediately.
I understand that you have encountered problems when using "Live Captions". According to the pictures you provided, it seems that there is a problem of "Captions are being missed". I understand the trouble caused by this problem, and I will try my best to help you solve it.
As far as I know, there was an update before, which seems to cause your current problem. Have you made any updates recently?
If this happens after the update, you can try uninstalling the latest update. At Settings, Windows Update, Advanced Options, Recovery, and Advanced Boot Options, select Restart Now, and then you will enter the recovery environment, where you can select Troubleshooting, Advanced Options, uninstall the update, and then uninstall the latest update.
-Adjust the display settings. If you use multiple screens, this problem may also occur. You can try to use only one screen to test whether it is caused by multiple monitors. If it is, you can make "Live Captions" display normally by adjusting their order after connecting multiple monitors. If that doesn't work, you can try to reduce the number of monitors.
-Make sure that the system volume is not muted and that the volume of the audio program being played is adjusted properly. Sometimes, if the audio volume is too low, real-time subtitles may not capture the audio. At the same time, you can consider trying to use subtitles in different applications to see if they can be displayed normally.
-Try to use clean boot to eliminate the influence of third-party software and services.
Clean startup, try to use clean startup, and check whether the problem still appears after eliminating the influence of third-party soft armor and services. If the problem is solved, you can follow the steps of clean startup to find the problematic software.
How to perform a clean boot in Windows - Microsoft Support
Disclaimer: A “clean boot” starts Windows with a minimal set of drivers and startup programs. It helps to determine whether a background program is interfering with your game or program and to isolate the cause of a problem.
These steps of "clean boot" might look complicated at first glance. However, to avoid any trouble for you, please follow them in order and step-by-step so that it will help you get you back on track.
I hope the above information can be helpful to you. If you try the solution, feel free to tell me the results or the problems you encounter.
Best Wishes
Pyked | Microsoft Community Support Specialist