Hello Cave_Painter,
Thanks for documenting the sign-in process. I understand you're trying to get back to a normal password sign-in without having to verify your identity every morning.
From your screenshots, Windows appears to be opening a separate Microsoft account authentication window instead of taking you directly to the usual password sign-in screen. Since your password works, the repeated identity verification seems to be the main issue rather than an incorrect password.
Before changing your Windows account configuration, could you check one thing on the affected desktop?
Go to Settings > Accounts > Sign-in options and let me know whether PIN (Windows Hello) is already configured.
If it is, does the lock screen offer a PIN option under Sign-in options, or does it only show the Sign in link from your screenshot?
That distinction may help us identify the next appropriate step without unnecessarily disconnecting your Microsoft account.