Hello XBHS. It looks like the black screen in Minecraft on your Surface pro is probably because of the recent driver update. The root cuse is a driver-level incompatibility between Minecraft and the Snapdragon X Elite. Many users are saying that after the latest graphics update, the game goes black. In this case, I'm pretty sure you are using the Minecraft from the Microsoft Store. Since you're just using regular Minecraft with the normal settings, and it was fine before, the driver is likely what's causing the problem.
First thing to try is to run the Surface Diagnostic toolkit to see if there are any irregularities in the device or missing updates or lacking drivers. Second, try to reset the Minecraft >right click>app settings> click terminate > then run repair or reset or reinstall. Then try each if Minecraft can launch without the black screen.
Here is a Minecraft specific troubleshooting steps to follow in the link below: https://help.minecraft.net/hc/en-us/articles/4409137348877-Minecraft-Java-Edition-Game-Crashes-and-Performance-Issues-FAQ
I hope this helps.
Regards,
Rez