Olá Alex,
Se estiver usando o ESET Smart Security, como eu, esta configuração resolveu.
ESET Smart Security Problem - HTTPS Scanner
This is the top search when googling 80244004.
Through searching the web I noticed everyone with this specific error was using eset, and so was I. One person even uninstalled eset and that fixed it, but that is not an option for me.
Go into ESET Advanced Setup
Web and email -> Web access and antiphishing protection -> HTTP,HTTPS
HTTPS scanner setup -> HTTPS filtering mode
Select "Do not use HTTPS protocol checking"
You may need to restart, but that is the only thing that got windows update to work for me.
Espero que ajude.