Hello Manon David,
Thank you for posting question on Microsoft Windows Forum!
The fact of the matter is that Windows Clipboard synchronization uses Microsoft's cloud to transfer clipboard content between devices. It is not simply a local-network or peer-to-peer copy operation. The source device uploads clipboard content, and the destination device retrieves it. Based on the issue description, the suggestion here is to verify core sync settings on each device by pressing Windows key + V on each device. If you see a "Turn on" prompt, click it. Sync cannot function if history is off. Also go to Settings > System > Clipboard. Making sure that Clipboard history across your devices is toggled On. Then, select Automatically sync text that I copy. If it is already on, toggle both switches Off, press Win + V to clear the local history/cache, and toggle them back On to force reestablishing the cloud sync handshake.
Since Clipboard sync is tied to your identity. Any hiccup in authentication can silently break the sync chain. To confirm the same account, the suggestion is to sign in with the exact same Microsoft Account or Work/School Account on all devices. It is also worth trying re-authenticating your account by signing out of your Microsoft account on all devices, then sign back in. This refreshes the authentication token and is a common possible fix for sync issue.
Regarding the GPO and MDM restrictions, the policies "Allow Clipboard History" and "AllowCrossDeviceClipboard" are worth investigating. Because it is the master switch for clipboard synchronization. You can find that policy under this GPO path Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > System > OS Policies > Allow Clipboard synchronization across devices and the Intune/MDM Path is /Device/Vendor/MSFT/Policy/Config/Privacy/AllowCrossDeviceClipboard .If it is set to Disabled, sync will not work. Alternatively, you can check the policy registry values by running these commands reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\System" /v AllowClipboardHistory and reg query "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\System" /v AllowCrossDeviceClipboard check if the value is 1 which indicates the feature permitted and otherwise feature prohibited.
As Clipboard sync communicates via Microsoft’s cloud user activity and notification services. Windows relies on background tracking services to push cloud data. Verifying that the Connected User Experiences and Telemetry service is running and set to Automatic and the user-isolation service instances named Clipboard User Service. Making sure that its startup type is set to Automatic or Manual and that it is not disabled. Also, making sure that outbound HTTPS (port 443) traffic is allowed to Microsoft sync services.
I hope you have found something useful here. If it helps you get more insight into the issue, it is appreciated to accept the answer. Should you have more questions, feel free to leave a message. Have a nice day!