Since the error 0x80048820 affects several Microsoft apps and also occurs in a newly created Windows profile, while browser sign-in still works, this looks less like an individual app or Windows-profile issue.
If the service is already running and the issue continues across multiple apps, I recommend contacting Microsoft Support if Sign-in Helper tool cannot identify the authentication problem.
Please note that this is a user-to-user support forum. Moderators, contributors including external Microsoft employees cannot directly intervene in Microsoft product features or access back-end systems. Our role is limited to providing technical guidance on reported issues, requests, or ideas.
I hope this helps narrow it down.