Accessing and using Microsoft Teams on smartphones and tablets across platforms
Based on your description, I understand that you lost access to Microsoft Authenticator after resetting your mobile device, and you are now stuck in a sign-in loop when trying to access Outlook and Teams.
May I know if you previously registered your phone number for SMS verification as an alternative sign-in method? If so, you may be able to select “Sign-in another way” and use SMS to access your account. You can also access https://mysignins.microsoft.com/security-info to delete old Authenticator and then register for new MFA on Microsoft Authenticator again.
If no, I recommend that you contact your organization’s administrator or IT department and ask them to follow this article to reset MFA for you: Manage authentication methods for Microsoft Entra multifactor authentication - Microsoft Entra ID |…. After that, you'll be able to register Microsoft Authenticator again.
If you’re not sure who your administrator is, you can refer to this article for guidance: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/how-do-i-find-my-microsoft-365-admin
For work or school accounts, MFA and authentication methods are managed by the organization. Your administrator or IT department can help restore access to the account.
Once you regain access, it may be helpful to register an additional sign-in method, if permitted by your organization, so you have a backup option in the future.
I hope this helps.