Managing personal Outlook.com account settings, security, and privacy
If someone knows your email address, even if they don't know your password, they can still use the "forgot password" option to trigger the 2FA code.
Consider this:
Go to your Microsoft account online https://account.live.com> Sign in > Your info > Sign in preference. Add an alias - You have two options here:
Create new: this will allow you to use the native domain outlook.com to create a new alias.
Add existing: this will allow you to add a 3rd party email address, such as yahoo, gmail, as long as they are not already associated with another Microsoft account.
Once added, make this new alias your primary alias, do NOT delete the old alias.
Then at the bottom, click on "Change sign in preference". On the next page, uncheck the box for the old alias. This means, from now one, the old alias cannot be used to sign into your Microsoft account, but it can be still used to receive emails, etc.
If by doing the above and it still won't stop, then it is possible that your email address is being set up as someone else's security contact info, typically due to typo on their end. And now they cannot receive the 2FA code meant for their account, so they kept resending it. In this scenario, your account is not at risk at all but there's also nothing you can do, until the other person realized they entered the wrong email address and hopefully would update it on their end.