I understand that the preview update KB5074828 caused your Calculator to stop working and that you have already tried repairing, resetting, and reinstalling the Calculator app, but it is still not working.
Since KB5074828 is an optional preview update, you can safely skip it. I suggest uninstalling this update by following the guide here: https://support.microsoft.com/windows/how-to-uninstall-a-windows-update-c77b8f9b-e4dc-4e9f-a803-fdec12e59fb0#ID0EBF=Windows_11
Preview updates are test releases for the full version, which is typically rolled out on the second Tuesday of the following month.
Go to the Windows Update page and toggle "Get the latest updates as soon as they're available" to Off, then restart your computer.
This will prevent Windows from downloading optional updates and will only install the regular monthly updates.