A Microsoft app for iOS and Android devices that enables authentication with two-factor verification, phone sign-in, and code generation
If someone knows your email alias for your personal account, the combination of passwordless account abilities and the need for a method to recover these same accounts created a logical anomaly for Microsoft that makes this situation possible, since passwordless recovery requires that only the primary alias or some other alias enabled for Sign-in be entered. IOW, it's a logical failure on Microsoft's part that led to the issue which allows for these types of MFA fatigue attacks.
Since the issue is that the attackers know your alias, the obvious fix is to change it, but most believe this will require them to switch entirely to this new email address for both that and other purposes as well, which isn't true.
To solve this, add the new alias to the account using something less obvious by possibly adding some numerals or other characters, then switch to that alias as primary which will be used for future logins, then go to the Sign-in preferences page to uncheck the original alias for only that purpose.
How to add an email address to your Microsoft account | Microsoft Support
Of course, you should keep the new alias a secret and never use it for any purpose like email or another that might expose it in public, since then the problem starts all over again. You'll keep the original alias for email and any other related use since it's still valid for those purposes, it'll just fail if anyone including the attackers tries to login with it, causing them to drop it from their lists and move on.
You'll also have to remember this new alias when logging in elsewhere, which is why I suggested adding a few characters, and you may want to suppress its display on your devices login page, so others don't learn it and try to use it or expose it publicly as well.
You've never been a direct risk of a breach, unless you mistakenly accepted the authenticator prompt, since the attackers only know your alias and nothing more. Even if they did know your password, it wouldn't matter as long as you didn't allow the second factor regardless of what that might be.
Rob