Your device is missing important security and quality fixes

1. Please run winver.exe and post a screenshot.
2. Apply the registry fix in the following post to resolve the issue. It clears a stale Windows Update registry entry that's causing the problem. Link: device missing important security and quality issues - Microsoft Q&A

I had this same message after a reinstall when Windows Update could not install the latest cumulative update on its own. Since you already tried the troubleshooter and the SoftwareDistribution reset, I would try the update manually next.

First, check that the reinstall did not clear your Extended Security Updates enrollment. Open Settings, Windows Update, and confirm that Extended Security Updates still shows as enrolled for the Microsoft account you used. If it does not, enroll it again and restart the PC.

Next, check the update history in Settings, Windows Update, Update history. Note any failed update and its error code, because that tells you whether the install itself failed or Windows Update never offered it.

Then install the latest cumulative update for Windows 10 version 22H2 manually. Open Microsoft Update Catalog in a browser, search for the latest cumulative update for Windows 10 22H2 for x64 based systems, download it, and run the installer. Restart the PC after it finishes, then check for updates again.

If the manual install also fails, repair the system files first. Open Command Prompt as administrator, run DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth, wait for it to finish, then run sfc /scannow, restart, and try the manual update again.

If you can, reply with the error code from Update history and the exact build shown by winver. That will show whether the cumulative update is failing to install or is not being offered at all.