The usual advice (Settings, "Remove keyboard", Preload registry edits) didn't help me either: I don't have English (US) installed at all, yet "ENG US" kept showing up in the Win+Space switcher.
Settings shows your user profile, while Win+Space shows what is loaded in your session, so a layout that is loaded but missing from the profile can't be removed from Settings.
What works is your own trick: add it, then remove it. In PowerShell:
$l = Get-WinUserLanguageList
$l.Add("en-US"); Set-WinUserLanguageList $l -Force
$l.Remove(($l | Where-Object LanguageTag -like 'en-US')); Set-WinUserLanguageList $l -Force
It came back for me too after a couple of weeks, so I automated the check and the fix in a small free, open-source tool (a ready-made EXE, no PowerShell needed; it backs up your language list first): https://github.com/loglux/KeyboardLayoutFixer/releases/latest