Processes in Microsoft 365 for setting up Office apps, redeeming product keys, and activating licenses.
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Hello Alexander Böttner,
Since several unrelated applications are also failing, the issue may involve the Windows installation or the current user profile rather than Microsoft 365 alone.
As a next steps, test a new Windows profile first, then proceed with an in-place repair if the problem continues.
Please create a new local administrator account and test whether Office and the other affected applications open normally there: Create a local user or administrator account in Windows.
If the affected applications work normally in the new account, the original Windows profile may be corrupted. You can then migrate your personal files to the new profile by following Microsoft’s guidance: Fix a corrupted user profile
If the same issue also occurs in the new account, try repairing Windows through Windows Update. This reinstalls the current version of Windows and repairs system files and components while preserving your applications, personal files, and settings. If Fix problems using Windows Update is unavailable, use the Windows installation-media method instead and select Keep personal files and apps.
Let me know how it goes!