Hi!
The password screen appears because Windows is attempting to convert the local account into a Microsoft account. The troubleshooter asks for the local account password if the Microsoft account provided isn't already a linked account.
In any case, even if the process succeeds, it won't work unless you have an online Microsoft license linked to your account (a license purchased directly from Microsoft, not the one that came with the PC).
Since the motherboard has a Home license but you are running Windows Pro, the license won't work; you need a Pro license for it to function. Therefore, it is important to know whether the Pro license from your old motherboard came pre-installed or was purchased from a third party or Microsoft.