Open Device Manager, expand "Batteries." You should see two entries: "Microsoft ACPI-Compliant Control Method Battery" and "Microsoft AC Adapter." Right-click each and choose "Uninstall device" (don't check "delete driver"), then reboot — Windows will reinstall them automatically. This is the fix most likely to actually work if the icon toggle is already on.
Press Win+R, type services.msc, and check that any battery/power-related services aren't disabled or stuck. Also open an elevated Command Prompt and run "powercfg /batteryreport" — if this fails or shows no battery detected, that points to a firmware or hardware-level detection issue rather than a taskbar display bug.
Go to Settings > Windows Update > Advanced options > Optional updates, and install any pending driver/firmware updates. On Surface devices specifically, firmware updates (not just app updates) handle battery/power reporting, and an outdated one can cause the tray icon to disappear even though the battery itself works fine.
If none of the above works, reboot into UEFI firmware settings (Settings > Update & Security > Recovery > Advanced startup, or hold the volume-up + power button on boot for Surface devices) and check if the battery shows up there. If it's not detected at the firmware level, this points to a hardware fault rather than anything fixable in Windows.