Hello,
I want to check a couple things before throwing random solutions at you.
Did this Dell come with a pre-installed factory antivirus that you might have uninstalled or tweaked right before this started happening? Oftentimes when those trial antivirus programs expire or get uninstalled halfway they completely break the built-in Windows Security app and cause exactly this kind of black screen and phantom blocking.
Also do you get a specific error code when Windows Update fails to run or does it just freeze up?
Let me know so we can pin down exactly what broke in the background.