Accessing and using Microsoft Teams on smartphones and tablets across platforms
Since Teams was working before you signed out, I’d first try updating Teams and restarting your iPhone. If that doesn’t help, go to Settings > General > iPhone Storage > Teams, choose Offload App, then reinstall it and try signing in again.
Also, try signing in to Teams at https://teams.microsoft.com using Safari. If it works there but not in the app, the issue may be specific to the app or its saved sign-in information. If it’s a work or school account, your organization’s IT admin may need to check the sign-in logs or device access policies.
I couldn’t confirm what error code 800410028 specifically means for Teams on iPhone, so I wouldn’t assume it’s a password issue.