If you've already tried the normal Windows Text size and display scaling options, another issue is that Windows doesn't provide much control over the individual font sizes used by different parts of the classic interface.
I built a small utility called FontSizeTweak for this reason. It lets you change supported Windows UI font metrics such as menus, title bars, Explorer/icon labels, dialog/message text and status bars without having to increase the scale of the whole display.
You can find it here:
https://uxillary.github.io/font-size-tweak/
Full disclosure: I'm the developer. It's open source, so the changes it makes can also be inspected.
It won't necessarily override text that an individual application draws using its own custom interface, but it's useful for the Windows-controlled UI elements that the standard settings don't give you much control over.